Hello everyone. I hope you can hear me. This is lecture 6.3 about the Bosnian genocide. It is the second case that we discuss in the context of transitional justice in post socialist Europe. To remind you, by post socialism I mean the collapse of the communist bloc and the transition of countries who had been part of the Soviet bloc, into democracy. And the first case we discussed was Germany, German reunification. We talked about the Stasi Records Act. And today, I would like to talk about the other case, the Bosnian genocide in the former Yugoslavia. The picture that you're seeing here in the opening slide, was taken in 1992 at the Omarska concentration camp in Bosnia, Herzegovina in South Eastern Europe. Omarska was a village in northern Bosnia. Bosnians, Croatians, and Serbs had lived in this area together for a long time. The populations-- These are at different ethnic groups. Serbia population, the Croatian population, and Bosnian population. But, they lived intermingled with each other for a long time. In 1992, Serbian forces carried out a massive campaign that was aimed at forcing the Bosnians and the Croats to leave this part of the country so as to make this territory exclusively Serbian. Now as part of the campaign, they detained about 7,000 Bosnian Muslims - The Bosnian population was mostly Muslim, and also, Bosnian Croats who were Christians - In this former mining site, called Omarska. The prisoners of Omarska included both men and women. The men were starved and killed. Many of the women were raped repeatedly and over several months. Now this picture and the picture before that, is part of footage taken by BBC crew, British television crew that was miraculously allowed to interview some people inside the camp. What happened in Omarska then, happened before the eyes of the world, available for everyone to see on television screens. You see here below, there's a link to a YouTube clip. I'm not showing the actual clip because I tend not to show videos in lectures, I think it's a bit of a waste of time. But also, because some students in the course might be in countries outside of the US where access to YouTube has denied, and I don't want them to have difficulties with with this. So, but I do recommend that you copy the clip, the, you know, the YouTube--the link here and watch the clip. It'll show you the 6.5 minute clip of the original footage taken by the BBC crew at the Omarska camp. It's basically a news report in English. Actually, you know what I'm gonna do? I'm going to post--I'm going to upload the video to our D2L site independently of this lecture. So, you can click and go and see that in your own time. Now, the story of Omarska, or this camp, is part of the Bosnian genocide. Bosnian genocide unfolded between 1992 and 1995. The Bosnian genocide took Europe and the world by surprise. No one expected to see, again, images of emaciated men, starving men, kind of skeletal figures behind barbed wires 50 years or so after the Nazi concentration camps. And yet, this is precisely what happened in the last decade of the 20th century. Serbs, Croats, and Bosnians engaged it in a bloody civil war. All sides committed atrocities against each other. But, scholars generally agree that most atrocities were carried out like Serb forces, and that most victims were Bosnian. The Bosnian genocide introduced a new concept to the world. That concept is ethnic cleansing. And, it included also--the Bosnian genocide included the horrific systematic use of rape as a tool of ethnic cleansing. Unlike many of the cases that we have discussed so far in this course, the Bosnian genocide unfolded in the full gaze of the public on television screens in homes around the world night after night. In spite of that, the international community proved powerless or unwilling to stop it. The breakup of Yugoslavia and the Bosnian genocide must be seen as one of the consequences of the collapse of the Soviet bloc. As a country in Southeastern Europe, Yugoslavia was part of that bloc. Although the ties of Yugoslavia to the Communist regime in Moscow, in Russia, were kind of loose, aloof at best. Now, while in Germany, the collapse of communism brought with it reunification in Yugoslavia, it brought disintegration. In this lecture, I'm going to first discuss the creation and collapse of Yugoslavia, a country the came into existence after World War One and ceased to exist in 1992. So, it has kind of a short life, it only exists in the 20th century. I will then discuss briefly the Yugoslav wars that resulted from this breakdown. And against this background, I will move on to discuss distinct features or aspects of the Bosnian genocide, and there's a list of these here on the outline that you can see. And you know, we'll end with a review. And I'm going to emphasize, especially when I discuss the distinct features of the Bosnian genocide, I'm going to emphasize especially the changing nature of warfare and violence in the context of globalization. So, basically how globalization has changed the nature of war. Let's stop here, and in the next segment I'll talk about the creation collapse of Yugoslavia.