Good afternoon, everybody. It's about three minutes after 12, so I'll get started with some introductions here and hopefully more we'll get on, but our numbers are looking great. Juliana and Anna Seward, I think we're approaching almost over 95, so looking great. So welcome everyone to the jury through webinar series put on by the MSU fruit team. So this has been a two-week series, so we are going all next week too, so we hope we can, you can continue to join us. Today. We're going to talk about pollinators stewardship in orchards. It is my pleasure to introduce Juliana Wilson. So Dr. Wilson is our tree for integrator. So Julian has been an integral part of our MSU for team on so many levels. But she has a lot of expertise in pollinators. So she's going to share the stage with a heck. So Ana is our new pollinator educator. So we're really happy she's on board. She started in July 2020, so she's fairly new to our organization. But she does work with small-scale power meters growers, and small-scale beekeepers. And then she's also been part of the heroes for hives project. We've got a dynamic duo today, so I'm really pleased that they're here with us today. A couple housekeeping, a lot of you guys have been run Zoom before. So make sure you got your audio settings to do a sound check so you get yours. All right. If you do want to ask questions, There's a Q and a. So right at the bottom here you'll see a Q&A. And we'll try to save those questions to the end, but just take them in there and we'll try to make sure we get to either verbally or a follow up with either an a or Dr. Wilson. So all the questions we'll address if we get time at the end. So hopefully we'll have time for good discussion. If you have some issues with your sound or you can't hear us or something, you can always send us a message in the chat. The other thing that we've got is if he didn't have time to watch, some are our past ones are, you know, you'll be busy next week. We're recording all of these. So Dr. Anna Wallace has created an MSU Extension fruit team culture, a channel. So it sounds fancy, but it works just like you too. So we'll make sure to click on that. So if you miss some of these webinars, there will be available to you at a later date. So with that, I'm going to stop sharing my screen and I'm going to turn it over to Dr. Wilson and I'm a heck, again, we're happy days are here. We look forward to your presentation. Awesome. Thanks a lot of states edX on a hook. I am going to start us off. We're talking today about pollinators, stewardship in orchards. So here's what we have planned for today. We're going to talk about collimator basics, specifically honeybee colonies as well. Cut the theist and kilometers and pollinator habitat. So where am I going to do it? But Paul, to get started and ask you some of the guess some of the questions. That will be very well today. How many pieces of Michigan and how many different species of bees visit? Curious to see what you make. I'm not seeing results coming out. So maybe one of the canvas you can let us know what, Yeah, I can end the poll. So we have 65 where we're still getting some boats. So we had a 103. So you could probably go to the next slide if you want to run the non-shared appalled when if you weren't rich her. Okay. All right, so here's next slide. So I'm gonna start off with pollinator basis. Maybe we can see those results. I see those guesses. Here they are. Can you share the results? Here we go. Sorry, there's like three buttons to click. Okay, great. So it looks like most people think that there are about 45 species a, B, and Michigan, and about 15 visit orchards and Michigan. So just remember those numbers and we'll see if you're right. Great, that's pretty fun to see if array. So I'm gonna start off talking about pollinator basics. So lots of different things can be pollinators. Pollinators really just an organism that most pollen from one flower to another. So sometimes there are insects and deal, sometimes there are other organisms as well. And we have an amazing diversity of organisms that are pollinators. In the world. We think there are about 200 thousand different species, animals and insects that act as pollinators. So some of the main major groups of pollinators are honeybees. We use the honeybees ally in agriculture for pollination. Native bees are wildly species. There's a lot of different species that can, that are obese that Ptolemy, and then there's also other non needs that pollinate as well. All right, So worldwide we have about 20 thousand different species and there are over 450 bee species and Michigan. So some of you got that question right now, but not everyone and I love asking that question because I think it's so impressive that there are so many different species of bees. You're at Michigan. I think a lot of people have no idea how many different kinds of these. We have some pretty cool effect. All right? And we care about pollinators for a lot of reasons. One of them is because. So around 80 percent of all flowering plants that need pollinators are important for ecosystem functioning. So there's just lots of really good reasons to care about pollinators. As many people over, there's a lot of issues that some of our pollinators and these are facing. So for common reasons, DOM, issues for bees are already interested in does not having enough good nutrition. Exposure to pesticides, pathogens and diseases. So for example, at their honey bees are honeybees have all of our honeybees. A colony in our area have a pass that isn't made, that spreads diseases. And so that's really difficult. It makes it challenging for beekeepers to keep honeybees healthy right now. And a lot of these threats interact. So if b heaters are very important to retrieve fruit of not only for high-quality fruit. So this apple on the left, for instance, was poorly pollinated. And so we have this misshapen apple, but also because we need cross-pollination for a lot of our crop. So apples in particular are one, we know need cross-pollination with a compatible colonizer. And then we also, we need that pawn moved by bees for the most part to get that done. Sweet cherries also need cross-pollination. So these are really important in moving that pollen around that the trees would not otherwise be able to accommodate on their own, right? So you can move the next slide. So who are the main pollinators and Tree Fruit me that slide that, that actually you're not going to find out till the very end that there are 70. Is that the female is collecting pawn all on our own, provisioning for her nest. She's usually nesting in the ground under the trees, even in those orchard in those spaces where that herbicide strip as they're in there and they're really active in, in our orchards. They moving pollen around and so the genus name is Andrew. They don't really have a common name other than a medium minor B. There's also a mason bees that are nested aboveground and stems. And people have used those for managed pollinators as a managed pollinator and orchards. So we have the horn face B, we have the blue orchard, mason B, and so on. And then bumblebees are also present here in Michigan. And, but mostly it's queens that are active in early spring when our orchards are in blue. So just to go through what a solitary be means and contrast you what Ana we'll talk about with honey bees. And we have 70. More than 70 different species active in Michigan orchards during bloom. Environmental cues are triggering the emergence of the males and then the females and then they make after that. So you can click the Next and then click again. So the females, like I said, are actively either either nesting in the ground like the top to the top example, or their nesting in the stems. And they're collecting enough pollen and resources for every single egg that they lay. And they make a pollen ball basically in this nest cell and lay an egg on it. And so it's really different from the honeybee situation because she, this, each female has to collect enough resources for every individual Ag and then cap it off. And so larvae develop into me or pre adults that overwinter in these now cells. And usually there's just one generation a season for every species of these solitary these, but there are different species that emerge all throughout the season. And our spring activities, like I said, are mainly these two kinds, the osmium bees and let it drain out the Mason and the minor V's. So you can go ahead. So bumblebees are our only native social B. And so, and by social we just mean that there's a queen and then a colony of workers that are helping with the collecting resources and taking care of things and the height are in the, in the colony. And we don't really call bumblebee nest hives. But we have six common species that we can find in Michigan and they're like, this is their life cycle. It's really based on in the early spring, the queens are the only ones that are, that are emerging. They're the ones that overwinter. There already needed. They initiate a nest and they're actually out for a gene for resources for that nasa until it's big enough, until she has enough workers to help with collecting more additional resources. And then at the end of the season, she produces new queens and males and they mate and the queens have to fatten up for the winter and then they find a place to, to overwinter and the rest of the colony dies when it gets cold. So that's the bumblebee lifecycle. But we also select, so we also are able to purchase colonies of commercially reared about bumblebee queen or bumble bee colonies. They're called quads by this one company Colbert and out of Howl because they have for individual colonies in one box. And so this is a sweet cherry orchard on near Sparta where this growers using them under this is post cherry brown, but they're still out there. But, but he used them during to boost his pollination. He also had honeybees at the same site. And, and in this case, what is going on as the colony is advanced in its, in its development. So you're getting workers at a time when you would normally not see them on the landscape. And this is actually a native species that they're rearing and how it's the abomasum patients that really, really common species a bumblebee in Michigan. They are way so I met APL objects, That's an educator. I would bill out of honeybees and beekeepers. So I'm going to talk to you about some high knees. So one thing just started. A lot of people have a lot of different impressions of honeybees. Honeybees are not native to the Americas and large numbers of follow-up honeybee colonies each year, but they're not endangered. So even though we lose a really large number of colonies every year, because honeybees faced a lot of different health issues and it's hard for beekeepers to always keep them healthy and alive. We are able to split colonies that survive the winter. And so we're able to recuperate losses. So over the past decade, our overall number of colonies in the US has remained relatively stable. So we're not worried about honeybees doing endangered or becoming extinct. But we aren't worried because right now to keep honeybee colonies alive and healthy, high rate. So honeybee, as he sometimes referred to as the workhorse of crop pollination. And there's a lot of reasons why honey bees make good foragers in agriculture. A big one is that the heights are affordable. They can team and they can contain thousands of warriors. So in the middle of the summer here in Michigan, we expect one colony to have over 50000 ease or more. Not all of those are going to be foraging bees that as the flowers. But a large portion of them will be the individual highest, collect pollen and nectar from many different cultivated and water wild plants. So we have some species of bees that are really particular in the flowers that they like to visit him. Or honeybees are generalists. They like to visit lots of different types of flowers. Individual foragers were cured, recruit others to visit particular flower patches through the waggle dance. This is really cool and I'm not going to demonstrate it. And that distance that they waggle on the cone is relative to the food source from the height and the direction that the waggle is relative to the Sun, relative, relative to the source when they need die. So the bees are able to communicate direction and distance of this food source. And they also let the other bees taste the food source if they brought back so they're able to communicate the quality as well. So doing through the stance, they're able to recruit many other needs to go visit that source on the same flower, NS or type of flower. And that's what really helps with Polynesian. Sorry. So we manage our, our colonies in hives. So Connie is the group of bees. Hives is the structure that they live in. And so here you can see each of these stacks of boxes would have one group of B, so one colony. And in commercial, beekeeping, types are often pelletized super easy for beekeepers to move around. We typically have four, sometimes six highs on a tablet. The goal in life is meet with new queens I normally from other colonies and the may die after that. And then we have workers. So most of the be using to help the colony are going to be workers and they have a range of roles. Can they take care of when they're younger? They take care of the broods, right? Housekeeping and the HIV access nectar and pollen and to be bracket and then the older these are going to be the ones that are forage for food, recruit other foragers, and are also more likely to defend the colony. It seems that when they sting it doesn't get caught so they don't die. Die after listing or queen bees do not. Normally the only staying. A few people have been sent here to see side-by-side. These different b's are drawn. Really big eyes surrounded by some female worker bees. And again, zones don't really help much with the work and the high. They will leave on my stays and hangout in the sky and what we call a drone congregation area. And just wait to see if a young female queen flies by and we have an opportunity to meet with her. And if they do, they'll die within a few hours. But if they don't mate, they'll just return back to the hive. And they typically don't winter with the in the colony. And at the end of the summer, the worker bees will escort or drag the drawing these out so that they don't overwinter in the eyes. Eye right? Here we have our query. A lot of times when I talk with groups, especially kids, Everyone's fascinated by the queen. They think she has the coolest jobs. I think her data's pretty boring job is really just to lay eggs. So here we have a frame with hexagonal cells. This is the comb and the queen lays typically just one egg in the center of each cells. They look kind of like little grains of rice, and those eggs develop into larvae. So this is the larval stage. At this point, the adult worker bees are feeding the larvae, have a gland and there had called the hyperfine. It's me lots of pollen to feed to the developing larvae. That's an important source for their development and growth. When the larvae reach a certain age, still give off a chemical signal that lets the beads, the worker adult is no. The workers who are adults will cap off the cells with wax and numbness is the pupal stage, so kind of like the corner chrysalis stage that these are developing. And once they reach adulthood, they will use the mouth to two out of the cells. So just to kinda go, think about this fruit stage. Again, the three stages are eggs, larvae, and pupae. For workers, it's going to take them about three weeks to develop from the time the latest an end to the time the image on the cell can then, once I, worker bees are adults, they spend the first part of the lights as nurses or caretakers in the hive. So this is a sacred, they're doing in homework and not working. And then once they got older, that's when they're going to be foraging. So take the colony about two to three months to build a workforce strong enough to provide crop pollination services if it starts out as a young new colony. And so the younger bees are tending the queen. They are processing nectar, they're building. That's their food source in the wheelchair. And they also forage for common. They have pollen baskets on your back, nice and tall and is really important for the development and the younger adult bees, It's an important source of growth. They store it and the cells. And so pollen can do lots of different place. And then the adult bees will also forage for water and low forage for resonance from trees. And so the distance that foragers will fly varies depending on what's available in their area. They can board up to two miles or more from your high. So just thinking about that distance, that means approximately 12.5 square miles or 8 thousand acres. So making cover quite a large range. If there's not good for it nearby, they will forage for further. If there's a lot of good for its nearby, they will stay closer to the eye. Next we have another poll to ask you. Okay, You get it. Okay. So this one is when Raskin, when do you apply insecticides? You could select all that apply. So insecticides as opposed to fungicides or herbicides or anything else targeting other insects. We've got 75, 77 over 120 to voting right now. Alright, we have 66 percent voting. 67. I'm going to, I'll just end the poll. So you guys can see, so most people are applying insecticides after bloom, which makes sense. There's a lot of pests that are out there, but there's some, there's a key timing for some pass through pedophile and some before bloom it, the pink or white bud stage. And there's a few that are, there's a small percentage that are applied. Insecticide of some kind during low. I guess I could share those results. He could see them. Wow. Okay. Okay, so we're going to talk about, go ahead, advance the slide. So the, the question when we talk about pollinators stewardship is like, how do we minimize harm the bees without compromising our pest and disease management. Vacation, if you are working with a beekeeper on timing of when bringing the hives in and out, the high placement outside and placing the hives outside the orchard. As Ana I told you, they can fly a really long way from their hives. They don't need to be distributed inside it were true, they can be outside of it and it's better for them. If they are, it's better for the applicator cube. They don't have to pay. You don't have to be worried about overstrained on them using pest and disease models to determine when applications be made following the pesticide label. Calibrating your sprayer. If you heard the talk on Tuesday, Bye Jason DeVoe. You'll know all about how to calibrate your sprayer or you can revisit that, that talk sprain when bees are less active, using selective herbicides are mowing flowers and row middles, protecting and cultivating flowering plants more Jude perimeters. So please advance. So the bees are bringing, being exposed to pesticide when they're out foraging mainly. So they're carrying resources back and they're pesticide residues. That can be, I'm the pollen on, in the nectar on flowers that are in the orchard floor that might have picked up some residues. But also, and this is specific to honeybees really, that in the hive they can be exposed to store pesticide residues that are in the store at HIV products. So the honey that they process, the bee bread that they're processing. Okay? But when we think about what we're trying to manage in an orchard, beyond just getting pollination done. We're worried and apple orchards about Apple scab protecting the plant. So we're applying fungicides throughout most of the season. Before blown, we're thinking about San Jose scale adults, european red mites. We might be concerned right at peak about OB LR overwintering, aphid, grapefruit worm. We're also thinking about blossom blight during bloom and after the pedophile, we're thinking about that petal fall about Plum Creek Julio for that's a really big one that the timing for controlling that will be LR, oblique banded leaf roller. I should probably say what it is is potent as opposed to talking about acronyms like stem bore and then post bloom has really outside of the range of like main concern for pollinators. But that's, and that is when the majority of insecticides are being applied so advance. Similarly and Cherry, this is a tertiary example. There are several diseases are the main issue early in the season or during that bloom period of time. And then at pedophile, there are some key pass that we're targeting. Clunker Qu Liao, green fruit worm, American foam board, and then post bloom is when most of the insecticides are being applied. So go ahead and advance. So during that pre bloom to pink or white bud stage, if you are, if you have a pest that you're concerned about, it's best to avoid using systemic or really any kind. And that is going to appear on the label as well. It should anyway at this point. And you gotta consider neighboring blocks that are already in bloom. And when you're applying, just in the choices that you make in the, in the kind of materials that you're using. And it's really important to remove or MO, flowering weeds in Orchard Floor is to avoid it. And I'm, and I'm talking about widgets that are not yet in bloom but have like dandelions that we know these love to visit in your orchard for. So you can advance. With respect to fungicides where we must use them to prevent these key, these important diseases or else we wouldn't have a crop at the end to harvest or the orchard will go down far earlier than we expect for their longevity of a perennial crops. So we have Apple scavenger, new spot, American brown rat. These are the kinds of things that were where fungicides are used. And we've, in the past, they've been considered to be pretty benign when it first with respect to B is based on toxicology studies that were done in labs on adult honeybees. So if you're applying it directly to the adult honeybee, it doesn't seem to have that much of an effect. But there are newer studies on larvae in whole colony impacts that are suggesting that some sublethal effects are occurring or can occur. And so impaired ability to find food and recruit other foragers that's going to impact pollination and also the health of the, of the HIV. Impaired ability to process and digest food that is important for turning, converting the microbes in their gut, there are what are helping to process the food into bee bread that they feed to the larvae. And so they can actually have good nutrition from it. If at this, a poor diet, basically increased disease susceptibility so their immune system can be suppressed. You have impaired cellular function, impaired larval development, there's a higher larval mortality. All of these impacts being documented for some of some fungicides, key fungicides. But it's really hard to extrapolate all these results to wild pollinators because they have different life cycles. They have different life histories, like we described at the beginning, but where they're expected to have some impact on them as well, so you can move. So what is really important about the pesticide labels at this point is that they've added this be hazard icon and you'll end. And it doesn't just appear once. It often is appearing in multiple places throughout the label and sometimes not even in a place you at x. That makes the most sense. So what I mean by that is that, I mean what those are. Be the height that icon is indicating our important information on restrictions for use of this pesticide on or around flowering crops. So in addition to being restricted during blow or if it has this icon, there may be restrictions on its use pre blown or a petal fall. And there are going to be crop specific pieces of information about the safety listed somewhere, possibly other than here or in the crop tables instance of this to make sure that you're using it and on the right, not just the specimen label will be a barrier. It will also have the different specific crop uses or additions for different states will be listed in a CDMA database. So it's pretty handy. Okay. And so just yeah. All right. So practice. So I think that we probably at this point are all in, all boys are invested in practicing IPM to some extent, whether they know they're doing it or not. So because it's become sort of standard practice to do a lot of these things. But and pesticides are one of the tools in a pest management toolbox. And a part of a good IPM strategy is to start with pest resistant varieties when they're available. Of course, it's scouting for past, you know, that there are actually present and need to be managed using pest models that are available on the MSU and via weather and other places using selective pesticides when they're available. So insect growth regulators are consider to be less hazardous to bees, for instance, because they're not, they're not affecting honeybees directly or the adult bees using pesticide alternatives, one available. So pheromones are really great. Pheromone made instruction is a really great example of this. So it has no, it should have no impact on honey bees or other bees unless you're using white traps. By the way, if you're using white delta traps there, you're going to catch a lot of bees and the host, especially if they're up during bloom, but orange ones, they don't see red, orange ones are good, better for use for that. And then as far as like taint mixes are concerned, we, There's a lot of new work being done on synergism. And we know that's some combinations are more toxic than the individual components. And then there's some adjuvants and surfactants which we know increases the efficacy of the pesticide, which it, which is why they're used in combination with some of those adjuvants and surfactants have been noted as being detrimental to bees are on their own. So those are just some things to consider. And then so how can we avoid pesticide exposure to these just generally, well sprain when bees aren't active links. So when they're at, so at dusk or at night, when temperatures are cooler, so below 30 degrees Fahrenheit. Is one way to make a difference. Spring when wind speed is low, I mean, that's good practice in general because you want that spray to hit the target and that move off of it for all kinds of reasons for, for it to be more effective anyway. And then mowing flowering meets that may be exposed to drift in an orchard floors and applying pesticides with accuracy and precision using good calibration and following people sell. You might be interested in trying to figure out learning more about pesticides and trying, trying to use information that's existing to decide which pesticides to use. There we do have some resources. When is our minimizing recipes and food crops full attend. And that covers a lot of different IPM strategies, like the ones that Juliana just mentioned about how to protect. B is for pesticide exposure. And another resource for you as the University of California agriculture, exist about our different kinds of pesticides, Insecticide, Fungicide, and the information we have on them about how they affect B. So it is a tricky area because I wish I could just say Here is a list of the pesticides that we know are safe for bees. For a lot of our pesticides, we don't know all of their effects. We have a picture pollen here ALL IN is a really important source for the developing larvae. And when we ever recheck pesticides levels in pollen, we typically find a lot of different pesticides in pollen. So it is a tricky area because a lot of time and we're not checking to know how this pesticide residuals in pollen that's developing, these affects them throughout their life spans. And we're not always measuring the chronic effects, but there are lots of different options and resources to try to make these decisions. Another thing that's really important is communication with your beekeeper. So I know a lot of beet growers and beekeepers have pretty informal agreements, are handshake agreements. But it is good spraying. And when you're spraying them, not only for the beads but also for the beekeepers. Because a lot of times beekeepers will need some image the colonies while they're in pollination. And you don't want your beekeeper is getting exposed to pesticides that are being applied or entering into area. Restricted entry interval. And then finally consider the placement of the HIV. So it may be better to keep a little bit further away from the actual trees so that the drift from Applications onto the trees isn't actually getting onto the hides. And so it's easier for beekeepers to access them. Beekeepers move hives at night and I always feel really bad when they give their truck stuck in the mud. So if you have a place that's just easier for them to access them, look, I drop them and then pick them up at the end of the season. Or I know bloom that scheme helped them a lot. And again, we know our honeybees to fight two miles or more for forage array. And then also we talked a little bit about regrown, but also thinking about petal fall because this is a time when a lot of the heights will be moved out of your orchard. So communicate with your beekeeper to coordinate their hives before you claim to start targeting insect that, so it's better to try to move the honeybees out before you start applying and say more insecticides. And then also considering neighboring blocks, silane blimps. Hello, I'm even here. When the bees are in and out. Talked about the importance of pollinators stewardship. And if you're interested in learning more about kilometers, we have a great course that's comp, pollinator champions. It's free and it's online. It takes about five to ten hours to complete, but itself case, you'll have to do it all in one sitting. And it's tactful of videos, articles, and fun activities. So it's intended to be pretty interactive. It goes to the big picture of pollinators. So Cu, the pollinators are what issues they're facing and what people can do to help. It is free. And if you want to get certified, there's a 30, $30 fee and we will give you information and presentations to go off and teach others about pollinators. It's pretty fun. Alright, so I've been trying to put some of those links in the chat. So if there are any other links that you, you guys see that you would like to have added? Let us now. So I'm going to talk about pollinator habitat. Next. Do we have no, that'll be the end. Goal 3 is at the edge. Great. Go ahead and advance. So I'm going to be talking about for the, at the end of the remainder of the, of this talk is just about be friendly habitat, protecting and establishing be friendly habitat. So already you have on your farm some habitat. Be, be friendly so your wood lots that are adjacent to your orchards or can contain all kinds of trees that are blooming in the spring providing resources. The maples, the willows, the carry all those flowering trees and they're really important for spring flying geese. Later in the summer, there are habitats that you can install, deliberately install and for pollinators and other beneficial insects through different programs. So one of the, one study that we did recently, fairly recently was looking at how many these are actually in our orchards. And do any of them overlap with these pollinator habitat that we're suggesting people install. And it turns out that 75 these species are in our orchards during bloom and 24 of them overlap with this, this, these pollinator. But yes, so and then later on, what this habitat also does is provides refuge for other beneficial insects were very interested right now in increasing the abundance of parasitoids that affects Spotted Wing Drosophila and brown memory extinct bug to really new pass that don't have native parasitoids and so, but are not enough that are ready to go and, and to attack them. And, and we know that these particular pass, go visit a variety of host plants in the landscape broader than our word chariots. So if we can suppress their populations by increasing parasitoid numbers and other insect predators in the putting habitats out like this, then that is going to help with suppressing them and they weren't Jude as well. So you can be so why am I so whenever I'd like to go or if I always get really excited about central for that habitat. We know that we talked about There's lots of different issues that beads are they safe and access to good nutrition really helps offset those issues. So a lot of people are really anxious, sad, and thinking for pollinators and that's awesome. But growers, oftentimes have much more space, the land, the pollinator habitat. A lot of people who live in urban areas with a small yard. So we're really excited about any opportunities to plant pollinator habitat outside of your orchard, along the perimeter in spaces where maybe you're not using it for growing trees, but it could really help support the nutrition of B is in your area. So there's a couple of different programs that I'll mention here. One is that being butterflies haben, be in butterfly habitat. See the legacy program. So this is through a non-profit organization. They provide seeds for free or at a reduced tasks. And they also provide one-on-one technical guidance. Another option for you is the USDA Farm Service Agency Conservation Reserve Program. And Mrs. provide participants with rental payments and cost-share assistance. The contracts last 10 to 15 years. There was a deadline of February 12th, but it was extended. And you can contact your local USDA FSA office for more information. We keep a lot of resources online, still pollinator paintings on our website. So if you go to pollinators that MSU, that ideal pollinator planting and then large-scale pollinator planting. You'll find a lot of information about different seed. Next is the steps to installing large-scale pollinator paintings, different programs out there resources. Or you can also use the QR code here on the screen by pointing your phone or tablet camera at it. And that'll drift you to this page for large-scale power on it. And then they also have a couple bulletins that can help you if you're interested and excited about establishing some pollinator habitat. So one Bulletin is establishing wildflowers habitat to support pollinators of Michigan fruit crops. That blunting number is e 3360. And another helpful Bulletin is attracting beneficial insects that needed a flowering plants and that bullets and as E2 973. So just to recap, we have some key recommendations for protecting your investment in combination. Because a lot of girls are investing in this pollination. And having healthier bees means that you'll have more where we used to go out and do that, parliament should work. So I use integrated pest management strategies to reduce pesticide exposure to BS. You can simplify your time. Take mixes, try not to mix too many pesticides together. Again, we know that some of these pesticides have synergistic effects and can be really harmful to beef. Unfortunately, we haven't tested every single potential mix out there and how it affects speeds. Simplifying your teammates to help. Another point that Juliana brought up to me was that if you're doing a mixing lots of different pesticides, it may also hurt your cheese. So if you can simplify it, That's one option. Support be helped by planting flowers, shrubs, and trees on your part or in your orchard. Learn about ease and share it. You know, I love that one. I think the more people know that I'm more excited they get about how to keep bees healthy. Keep in mind you guys have questions here, so we want to get to those two. So maybe we'll just move it along. That ray, I just started THE some people can answer. In the orange color. We want to have diversity outside the orchard, Matt inside the orchard. In other words, so you're removing or is that are likely to get hit with pesticides and want to increase the diversity of flowering resources outside the orchards. Does that help? I hope that's a great question. I always think that's really counter-intuitive. Ebola we say more of the flowering plants, but if we think that they're going to run, it's better not to have them. Right? Okay. How about night spraying can make Spring avoid harm to pollinators? Yeah. I mean, that's that depends on the pesticide. I mean, I think there's still going to be pesticides or label where it just like that you're not supposed to use them during bloom at all. But when you're just trying to avoid its contact with pesticides or rupees in general and it like a fungicide use for instance, yeah, night spraying is one way to do that. The residues dry or the next day they're less likely to be. You're not kitty. But I mean, I think there are so many facts out there. And you have the wild bees that there are. I know there a lot. There's some girls. It just don't invest in hives for their own operations because they're kind of relying on their neighbors, but they're also relying on while these ends on your location. Probably. But you can look. There are ways like look and see if you're getting if you have enough kilometers during just by doing some dream was sunny day. I don't have those numbers off the top of my head, but but orchards I think are just really be these really love periods. So I don't know, really think there's a lack of bees visiting in general. Okay. How about this one? How do I know if the bumblebees and a commercial box or quarter Really there, is there a couch or something you can do need to know that they're active. I know that's a question we get quite a bit. Yeah. So I've done some observations at bumblebee colonies. And because the number, the sheer number of foragers is so much lower than I have. It's just you have to sit there for quite a while to light. I'll get a chance to see them coming and going. So we're talking like maybe 500 workers total in each colony versus thousands in a county. So at the activity level is just going to look really different. And whether they're like stained in your orchard. And because the density of those workers is so much lower, It's easy to miss them coming and coming and going and also actually visiting her virtue. But what we do know about bumblebees is, especially in blueberry, they're very efficient. They are more efficient than honeybees in handling the flower. So they visit more flowers per minute. They are. So out of Herbie basis. Stack up for, I don't know what it is for orchards, but for blueberries it's like 12 to one, CEO to worker honeybees for everyone. Worker bumblebee is what the butt and queen bees are. Large and R have pollen all over their bodies and they're moving a lot of routine. So it's not a good way to tell. It just fit there so low in density that it's really hard to to do account? Yeah. All right. Have there been any studies that suggest that honey bee bees are more efficient at pollinating the bumblebees. And I think it's kinda just maybe piggyback on what you said, Juliana. And then is there competition between the two for resources? Tumblers of honeybees? And so that's one reason why there are some studies that actually show that having different species of bees in an area improve pollination because they bother each other. So they visit these transmission between species a, B, if that is one big reason why we are encouraging everyone to pop up. Instance that we've made a crop pollination. Are these that you see where a gene on something else or is that like detracting from the pollination of efficiency on your crop? I would not concern yourself with that because they said each of the segments, there are segments of the beehive that have two and a honeybee situation. They must collect pollen from other resources so that they're having a diverse diet. They are not going to be a 100 percent on your crap. That's just like not how they work. And so on. Oh, the dandelions offer you get rid of some things. It doesn't mean that the ones that we're focused on D and ions, they're going to just find them somewhere else. And that's a good thing for them because they're not going to be coming into contact with pesticides, but also they need that diversity in their diet. Great. Thank you guys. So this is a two-part question. So any experience using be attractants like be sent or do things like fish oil. I don't think there's enough information out there really to know if there's something that would be more useful for B, I don't think you need to use that in an orchard. They are already very attracted to orchard flowers. I mean, honestly, like you don't want me to add an attractant, but as far as a deterrent, I don't That's something I would need to look into. I don't know of anyone who's working on I don't know what's the, what the current research is on deterrence. But fish oil is an induced to try to link as a way to, I mean, there are certain that we do know that some pesticides are. Sort of repellent in on their own. So yeah, I'd have to look into that a little bit more, but you do not need be attractants. I don't think in an orchard, you've got you got the attractant coming from the flowers themselves. We did a little work with Val Tannen be sent years ago trying to increase and we never saw increases in yields in that regard. So how about you Any opinions on keeping bees year round? This is probably for Anna or advice for growers that lost 90 percent of our high. A if that's you, you're not alone. I don't. I think if you want to keep bees because you want to be a beekeeper, reach out to me, there's a lot of really good resources. But if it's just that you want to keep easier round for the pollination services. I think you're getting yourself into maybe a lot more work than you might realize. It is really common for beekeepers to lose large numbers of their colonies. Unfortunately, you're definitely not alone. We have a lot of good resources and information about keeping these alive and healthy. So feel free to reach out to me and we'll troubleshoot situations a little bit different. So I'd love to talk to your situation and see if I can help any impact. So farewell mating disruptions on bees or best practices for when you might put that out. So yeah, I mean, that is dependent on the past that you're targeting for sure. And so MSU I don't know if there's like a general resource for destruction, but for individual pass, there are, there have been articles written on how to implement those, and so I don't have the link, sorry here, but you can contact me if you want more information on that and then yeah, I think that Oh, so then the next question was, is there a problem for the bees when they emerge in early spring like now before anything? Oh yeah. Okay. So in 2012 when we had that crazy early spring, we had a major disruption and RNA to be communities that we were able to commit. And blueberry, because we're located that community over a long period of time. That in 2012 definitely took out a major segment of our minor bees. Or some years, I mean, they, they kind of came back years later. We're still we're starting to see them again. But, but definitely those early spring B can be acted by really extreme late spring called Spring weather. So, but there aren't, but you'd be surprised to know that there are a lot of things are actually employed right now. So the first sit the, the, you know, there's their trees, the maples just started. So I think that there are a lot more resources they might not be thinking about. And before the crop, before our crops are actually emblem. Can I just throw in a quick comment for those using commercial beekeepers, I would suggest calling those guys as soon as possible just with the early start, spraying may ease, may be in transit from one place to another. And I know that happens in one. We get these fairly warm up since frame. So I would highly recommend contact here beep keeper as soon as possible to make sure you can get your bees in on time. And so we have one last question. So is it important to provide water sources for bees that are uncontaminated? They always seem to be congregating around puddles on warm days. Yeah, absolutely. Srp storage for water's really it's important to try to keep pesticides, our petals, the cause is we'll forage for wires are trying to keep pesticides out of water. Puddles is a great question. All right. People feel confident that they can find Abby percussion information on a pesticide label. That's great. Have you install Habitat? Half of you more than you have, that's really great to hear. Yeah. Those answers. So that's great. Thank you. So we're kinda close the end here. I think we're at poaching one. So I just want to get back to some housekeeping for those jumping off email below. So keep that in mind. The seminar code. We also recommend that you guys keep these just for your records. So we're going to keep up on that bookkeeping with MDRD, but just in case things go arise. So you have this in your notes or in your records. So the seminar code for today is one, all 4509, a 0, 1. So for those of you who can't see this that you're calling in. The code again is 14510901. Those of you that have CCA credits, all you need to do is take a picture of this QR code and then that can be applied to your CCA credits. So I'll leave that up for a second and just say, thank you, Juliana and Anna, That was excellent information. And I think that we really value you guys in your work that you do with pollinators. So both native and those that are managed, we have great resources at MSU. So thanks again for your time today and for a great presentation. Thank you. That helps us keep doing a good job and keeping things on the docket that are important to you for our educational programs. So if you could take the time to do that, we would much appreciate it. So.